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To better understand immune disorders and deficiency of its seriousness, the life-threatening consequences, it is useful to review the normal functioning of the immune system. In simple terms the function of the immune system to recognize "self" from "non-self responses and to begin to eliminate the" non-self or the foreign substance called an antigen. However, the specific processes involved in this function are complex and interrelated. The following is a review of the most important answers.
The immune system including the primary lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow and probably the liver) and secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen and intestines, associated lymphoid tissue). Immure system functions basically two types: nonspecific and specific. Nonspecific immune defenses are activated on exposure to any foreign substance but react similarly, regardless the type of antigen, are unable to identify the antigen. The principal components of this system is phagocytosis, the process of ingest and digest foreign substances. The phagocytic cells are composed of neutrophils and monocytes.
Specific defenses are those that have the capacity to recognize antigen and respond selectively. The components of adaptive immunity are the humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. The cells responsible for these two forms of immunity are lymphocytes. In particular B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is involved in the production of antibodies and complement. The main cell involved in antibody production is B-lymphocyte. In humans the exact site of lymphocyte production is speculative, but is likely that the bone marrow. In chickens the site is clearly identified as a small rear body known as the bag of Fabricius, hence the term "B-lymphocytes, or "B-cells." When challenged with an antigen, B cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce and secrete large amounts of antigen-specific antibodies. There are five classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) have been identified: G, M, A, D and E, each one has a specific function.
In the initial exposure to an antigen, the B cell system begins to produce antibodies, predominantly IgM, which appears in 2-3 days. This process is known as the primary antibody response. With subsequent exposure to antigen, a secondary antibody response occurs. Antibodies, chieftly IgG is produced in much larger quantities of 1-2 days. An example of the secondary response is the administration of consecutive shots, often called reinforcements. Memory B cells allow the immune system to recognize the same antigen for months or years.
When antibody reacts with the antigen; unite to form an antigen antibody complex. This binding serves various functions. aid of antibodies in the phagocytosis of antigens by raising awareness so which is more easily destroyed by phagocytes, a process known as opsonization.
Antibody also activates or fixed complement, the second component humoral immunity. Complement is a series of important factors is not (CI and C9) present in the serum resulting in a cascade of enzymatic action and the death of viable antigen. It also serves to reduce cellular and humoral immunity. After being activated by antibody, complement produces a chemotactic factor that summoner T lymphocytes and macrophages to the site of antigen.
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